Windows API 控件 III

最后修改于 2023 年 10 月 18 日

在本章中，我们将完成关于 Windows API 控件的讨论。我们将提及单选按钮，组框，组合框和进度条。

单选按钮和组框

在这里，我们介绍两个控件。组框是一个包围一组控件的矩形。这些通常是单选按钮。组框有一个描述控件的标签。此控件的目的是对以某种方式相关的控件进行分组。 单选按钮是一种特殊的按钮，用户可以选择它，但不能清除它。它允许用户从一组选项中选择一个唯一的选项。

radio_buttons.c

#include <windows.h>

#define ID_BLUE 1
#define ID_YELLOW 2
#define ID_ORANGE 3

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);

HINSTANCE g_hinst;
COLORREF g_color;

int WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
                    PWSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) {

    HWND hwnd;
    MSG  msg ;    
    WNDCLASSW wc = {0};
    wc.lpszClassName = L"GroupBox";
    wc.hInstance     = hInstance;
    wc.hbrBackground = GetSysColorBrush(COLOR_3DFACE);
    wc.lpfnWndProc   = WndProc;
    wc.hCursor       = LoadCursor(0, IDC_ARROW);

    g_hinst = hInstance;
  
    RegisterClassW(&wc);
    hwnd = CreateWindowW(wc.lpszClassName, L"GroupBox",
                  WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | WS_VISIBLE,
                  100, 100, 300, 170, 0, 0, hInstance, 0);  


    while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) {
            
        DispatchMessage(&msg);
    }

    return (int) msg.wParam;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, 
    WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {

    HDC hdc;
    PAINTSTRUCT ps;
    HBRUSH hBrush, holdBrush;
    HPEN hPen, holdPen;

    switch(msg) {

        case WM_CREATE:

            CreateWindowW(L"Button", L"Choose colour", 
                  WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | BS_GROUPBOX,
                  10, 10, 120, 110, hwnd, (HMENU) 0, g_hinst, NULL);
            CreateWindowW(L"Button", L"Blue",
                  WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | BS_AUTORADIOBUTTON,
                  20, 30, 100, 30, hwnd, (HMENU) ID_BLUE , g_hinst, NULL);
            CreateWindowW(L"Button", L"Yellow",
                  WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | BS_AUTORADIOBUTTON,
                  20, 55, 100, 30, hwnd, (HMENU) ID_YELLOW , g_hinst, NULL);
            CreateWindowW(L"Button", L"Orange",
                  WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | BS_AUTORADIOBUTTON,
                  20, 80, 100, 30, hwnd, (HMENU) ID_ORANGE , g_hinst, NULL);      
            break;

        case WM_COMMAND:

            if (HIWORD(wParam) == BN_CLICKED) {
            
                switch (LOWORD(wParam)) {
                
                    case ID_BLUE:
                        g_color = RGB(0, 76, 255);
                        break;
                    case ID_YELLOW:
                        g_color = RGB(255, 255, 0);
                        break;
                    case ID_ORANGE:
                        g_color = RGB(255, 123, 0);
                        break;
                }                    
                InvalidateRect(hwnd, NULL, TRUE);
            }
            break;

        case WM_PAINT:

            hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);
            hBrush = CreateSolidBrush(g_color);
            hPen = CreatePen(PS_NULL, 1, RGB(0, 0, 0));
            holdPen = SelectObject(hdc, hPen);
            holdBrush = (HBRUSH) SelectObject(hdc, hBrush);

            Rectangle(hdc, 160, 20, 260, 120);

            SelectObject(hdc, holdBrush);
            SelectObject(hdc, holdPen);
            DeleteObject(hPen);
            DeleteObject(hBrush);
            EndPaint(hwnd, &ps);
            break;

        case WM_DESTROY:
            PostQuitMessage(0);
            break; 
    }

    return DefWindowProcW(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}

在我们的示例中，我们有一个带有三个单选按钮的组框。通过单击单选按钮，我们选择右侧矩形的背景颜色。

CreateWindowW(L"Button", L"Choose colour", 
        WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | BS_GROUPBOX,
        10, 10, 120, 110, hwnd, (HMENU) 0, g_hinst, NULL);

组框是一种特殊的按钮，使用 BS_GROUPBOX 样式创建。

CreateWindowW(L"Button", L"Blue",
        WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | BS_AUTORADIOBUTTON,
        20, 30, 100, 30, hwnd, (HMENU) ID_BLUE , g_hinst, NULL);

单选按钮也是一种特殊的按钮，具有 BS_AUTORADIOBUTTON 样式。

case ID_BLUE:
    g_color = RGB(0, 76, 255);
    break;

如果我们单击单选按钮，则全局变量将填充所选颜色。此变量用于创建填充矩形的画笔。

InvalidateRect(hwnd, NULL, TRUE);

我们使矩形无效（在这种情况下是整个窗口），这将导致重绘客户端区域。这将启动一个 WM_PAINT 消息。在 WM_PAINT 消息期间，我们绘制矩形。绘制将在 GDI 章节中详细解释。

Radio buttons in a GroupBox — 图：组框中的单选按钮

组合框

组合框是编辑框或静态文本和列表的组合。当我们需要从可用选项列表中选择一个项目时，使用组合框。

combobox.c

#include <windows.h>

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);

HINSTANCE g_hinst;

int WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
                    PWSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) {

    HWND hwnd;
    MSG  msg ;    
    WNDCLASSW wc = {0};
    wc.lpszClassName = L"Application";
    wc.hInstance     = hInstance ;
    wc.hbrBackground = GetSysColorBrush(COLOR_3DFACE);
    wc.lpfnWndProc   = WndProc ;
    wc.hCursor       = LoadCursor(0,IDC_ARROW);

    g_hinst = hInstance;
  
    RegisterClassW(&wc);
    hwnd = CreateWindowW(wc.lpszClassName, L"Combo box",
                  WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | WS_VISIBLE,
                  100, 100, 270, 170, 0, 0, hInstance, 0);  


    while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) {
    
        DispatchMessage(&msg);
    }

    return (int) msg.wParam;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, 
        WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {

    static HWND hwndCombo, hwndStatic;
    const wchar_t *items[] = { L"FreeBSD", L"OpenBSD", 
        L"NetBSD", L"Solaris", L"Arch" };

    switch(msg) {
    
        case WM_CREATE:
        
              hwndCombo = CreateWindowW(L"Combobox", NULL, 
                    WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | CBS_DROPDOWN,
                    10, 10, 120, 110, hwnd, NULL, g_hinst, NULL);   

              CreateWindowW(L"Button", L"Drop down", 
                    WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE,
                    150, 10, 90, 25, hwnd, (HMENU) 1, g_hinst, NULL); 

              hwndStatic = CreateWindowW(L"Static", L"", 
                    WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE,
                    150, 80, 90, 25, hwnd, NULL, g_hinst, NULL); 

              for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++ ) {
              
                  SendMessageW(hwndCombo, CB_ADDSTRING, 0, (LPARAM) items[i]);
              }

              break;

        case WM_COMMAND:
        
             if (HIWORD(wParam) == BN_CLICKED) {
             
                  SendMessage(hwndCombo, CB_SHOWDROPDOWN, (WPARAM) TRUE, 0);
             }
             
             if (HIWORD(wParam) == CBN_SELCHANGE) {      
             
                  LRESULT sel = SendMessage(hwndCombo, CB_GETCURSEL, 0, 0);
                  SetWindowTextW(hwndStatic, items[sel]);
             }
             break;

        case WM_DESTROY:
        
            PostQuitMessage(0);
            break; 
    }
  
    return DefWindowProcW(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}

在我们的示例中，我们在窗口上放置了三个控件：一个组合框，一个按钮和静态文本。静态文本显示从组合框中当前选定的项目。它用于演示 CBN_SELCHANGE 组合框消息。该按钮以编程方式打开组合框。

hwndCombo = CreateWindowW(L"Combobox", NULL, 
    WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | CBS_DROPDOWN,
    10, 10, 120, 110, hwnd, NULL, g_hinst, NULL);

要创建组合框，我们使用 L"Combobox" 窗口类。 CBS_DROPDOWN 标志创建一个下拉列表。

for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++ ) {

    SendMessageW(hwndCombo, CB_ADDSTRING, 0, (LPARAM) items[i]);
}

我们用项目填充组合框。要将字符串添加到组合框，我们发送一个 CB_ADDSTRING 消息。

if (HIWORD(wParam) == BN_CLICKED) {

    SendMessage(hwndCombo, CB_SHOWDROPDOWN, (WPARAM) TRUE, 0);
}

单击该按钮会导致发送 CB_SHOWDROPDOWN 消息，该消息以编程方式调用组合框的下拉列表。

如果我们从组合框中选择一个项目，窗口过程将收到带有通知消息 CBN_SELCHANGE 的 WM_COMMAND 消息，位于 wParam 参数的高位字中。

if (HIWORD(wParam) == CBN_SELCHANGE) {      

    LRESULT sel = SendMessage(hwndCombo, CB_GETCURSEL, 0, 0);
    SetWindowTextW(hwndStatic, items[sel]);
}

我们找出当前选定的项目。我们向组合框发送 CB_GETCURSEL 消息。该函数返回当前选定项目的索引。我们将静态文本设置为当前选定的字符串。

进度条

当我们需要处理冗长的任务时，使用进度条。它会进行动画处理，以便用户知道我们的任务正在进行。

progressbar.c

#include <windows.h>
#include <commctrl.h>

#define ID_BUTTON 1
#define ID_TIMER 2

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
void CreateControls(HWND);

HWND hwndPrgBar;
HWND hbtn;

int WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
                    PWSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) {

    HWND hwnd;
    MSG  msg ;    
    WNDCLASSW wc = {0};
    wc.lpszClassName = L"Application";
    wc.hInstance     = hInstance;
    wc.hbrBackground = GetSysColorBrush(COLOR_3DFACE);
    wc.lpfnWndProc   = WndProc;
    wc.hCursor       = LoadCursor(0, IDC_ARROW);
  
    RegisterClassW(&wc);
    hwnd = CreateWindowW(wc.lpszClassName, L"Progress bar",
                WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | WS_VISIBLE,
                100, 100, 260, 170, 0, 0, hInstance, 0);  

    while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) {
        
        DispatchMessage(&msg);
    }

    return (int) msg.wParam;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, 
        WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {

    static int i = 0;
 
    switch(msg) {

        case WM_CREATE:

            CreateControls(hwnd);
            break;

        case WM_TIMER:

            SendMessage(hwndPrgBar, PBM_STEPIT, 0, 0);
            i++;

            if (i == 150) {

                KillTimer(hwnd, ID_TIMER);
                SendMessageW(hbtn, WM_SETTEXT, (WPARAM) NULL, (LPARAM) L"Start");
                i = 0;
            }

            break;
              
        case WM_COMMAND:
          
            if (i == 0) {  

                i = 1;
                SendMessage(hwndPrgBar, PBM_SETPOS, 0, 0);
                SetTimer(hwnd, ID_TIMER, 5, NULL);
                SendMessageW(hbtn, WM_SETTEXT, (WPARAM) NULL, (LPARAM) L"In progress");
            }

          break;

        case WM_DESTROY:

            KillTimer(hwnd, ID_TIMER);
            PostQuitMessage(0);
            break; 
    }

    return DefWindowProcW(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}

void CreateControls(HWND hwnd) {

    INITCOMMONCONTROLSEX icex;

    icex.dwSize = sizeof(INITCOMMONCONTROLSEX);
    icex.dwICC  = ICC_PROGRESS_CLASS;
    InitCommonControlsEx(&icex);

    hwndPrgBar = CreateWindowEx(0, PROGRESS_CLASS, NULL, 
          WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | PBS_SMOOTH,
          30, 20, 190, 25, hwnd, NULL, NULL, NULL);   

    hbtn = CreateWindowW(L"Button", L"Start", 
          WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE,
          85, 90, 85, 25, hwnd, (HMENU) 1, NULL, NULL);  

    SendMessage(hwndPrgBar, PBM_SETRANGE, 0, MAKELPARAM(0, 150));
    SendMessage(hwndPrgBar, PBM_SETSTEP, 1, 0);
}

在我们的示例中，我们有一个进度条和一个按钮。该按钮启动一个计时器，该计时器更新进度条。

hwndPrgBar = CreateWindowEx(0, PROGRESS_CLASS, NULL, 
      WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | PBS_SMOOTH,
      30, 20, 190, 25, hwnd, NULL, NULL, NULL);

我们使用 PROGRESS_CLASS 类名和 PBS_SMOOTH 样式创建进度条控件。

SendMessage(hwndPrgBar, PBM_SETRANGE, 0, MAKELPARAM(0, 150));
SendMessage(hwndPrgBar, PBM_SETSTEP, 1, 0);

我们设置进度条的范围及其步长。

i = 1;
SendMessage(hwndPrgBar, PBM_SETPOS, 0, 0);
SetTimer(hwnd, ID_TIMER, 5, NULL);

当我们按下开始按钮时，我们将 i 值设置为 1，设置进度条的初始位置，然后启动计时器。计时器将定期向窗口过程发送 WM_TIMER 消息，直到其被销毁。

SendMessageW(hbtn, WM_SETTEXT, (WPARAM) NULL, (LPARAM) L"In progress");

当计时器进行中时，我们更改按钮的标签。

case WM_TIMER:

    SendMessage(hwndPrgBar, PBM_STEPIT, 0, 0);
    i++;

    if (i == 150) {

        KillTimer(hwnd, ID_TIMER);
        SendMessageW(hbtn, WM_SETTEXT, (WPARAM) NULL, (LPARAM) L"Start");
        i = 0;
    }

    break;

当我们收到 WM_TIMER 消息时，我们通过发送 PBM_STEPIT 消息将进度条更新一步。当 i 变量达到进度条的上限时，计时器将被销毁。

在本 Windows API 教程中，我们已完成对 Windows 控件的介绍。

电子书

Windows API 控件 III

单选按钮和组框

组合框

进度条